The rule and government in 18th century

In 18^th Century, China was in Qing Dynasty. Qing Dynasty was established by Nvzhen nationality combined the feudal dynasty. It was the second dynasty which was established by minority rule after Yuan Dynasty in Chinese history. Qing Dynasty’s military system include the eight banners system, six department system, South study, military mission office, Han army camp. The eight banners was composed by the royal family, in the beginning of 18^th century, they had high rights. The six departments system has collectors, household, ritual, soldier, punishment and work. The boss of any departments called Shangshu, the vice boss called Shilang. The Qing dynasty officials were rated ‘9 Pin, 18 level’. In Qing Dynasty, it had different policies for the different nations. The Qing Dynasty control the literature was very strict, it had the Word Law. Because in 18^th century, lots of Han Chinese use the words to proclaim ‘Against Qing Recovery Ming’. The Qing Dynasty had imperial examination to select officials.

Qing China reached its largest extent during the 18^th century, when it ruled China proper as well as Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, Outer Mongolia and Tibet, at approximately 13 million square km in size. There were originally 18 provinces, all of which in China proper, but later this number was increased to 22.

The original provinces of Qing China was based on the fifteen administrative units set up by the Ming Dynasty, though some minor reforms took place to become the eighteen provinces (for example, Huguang was split into Hubei and Hunan provinces). Adopted the model used by the Yuan and Ming dynasties, the Qing provincial bureaucracy also contained three commissions: one civil, one military, and one for surveillance. Each province was governed by a civil official called xunfu and a military official called tidu . Below the level of the province were prefectures operating under a prefect, followed by subprefectures under a subprefect. The lowest unit was the county, overseen by a magistrate. These areas under the administration of the eighteen provinces are also known as "China proper". The position of viceroy or governor-general was the highest rank in the provincial administration. There were eight regional viceroys in China proper, each usually took charge of two or three provinces. The Viceroy of Zhili, who was responsible for the area surrounding the capital Beijing, is usually considered as the most honorable and powerful viceroy among the eight.

The low class of ordinary people was divided into two categories- one of them, the good "commoner" people, the other "mean" people. Prostitutes, entertainers, and low lovel government emplyeers were the people in the mean class. the Mean people were heavily discrimated against, forbidden to take the Imperial Examination, and mean and good people could not marry each other.

The development of the Qing military system can be divided into two broad periods separated by the Taiping Rebellion. The early Qing military was rooted in the Eight Banners first developed by Nurhachi as a way to organize Jurchen society beyond petty clan affiliations. There are eight banners in all, differentiated by colours. The banners in their order of precedence were as follows: yellow, bordered yellow (i.e. yellow banner with red border), white, red, bordered white, bordered red, blue, and bordered blue. The yellow, bordered yellow, and white banners were collectively known as the "Upper Three Banners"and were under the direct command of the emperor. Only Manchus belonging to the Upper Three Banners, and selected Han Chinese who had passed the highest level of martial exams were qualified to serve as the emperor's personal bodyguards. The remaining Banners were known as "The Lower Five Banners" and were commanded by hereditary Manchu princes descended from Nurhachi's immediate family, known informally as the "Iron Cap Princes" Together they formed the ruling council of the Manchu nation as well as high command of the army.

The Qing Dynasty inherited many important institutions from the preceding Ming Dynasty. The formal structure of the Qing government centered on the Emperor as the absolute ruler, who presided over six Boards (Ministries) each headed by two presidents and assisted by four vice presidents。In contrast to the Ming system, however, Qing ethnic policy dictated that appointments were split between Manchu noblemen and Han officials who had passed the highest levels of the state examinations. The Grand Secretariat , which had been an important policy-making body under the Ming Dynasty, lost its importance during the Qing Dynasty and evolved into an imperial chancery. The institutions which had been inherited from the Ming Dynasty formed the core of the Qing "outer court," which handled routine matters and was located in the southern part of the Forbidden City.

In order not to let the routine administration take over the running of the empire, the Qing emperors made sure that all important matters were decided in the "Inner Court," which was dominated by the imperial family and Manchu nobility and which was located in the northern part of the Forbidden City. The core institution of the inner court was the Grand Council It emerged in the 1720s under the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor as a body charged with handling Qing military campaigns against the Dzungar Mongols, but it soon took over other military and administrative duties and served to centralize authority under the crown.[43] The Grand Councillors served as a sort of privy council to the emperor.

Poets and writers in 20th century

In 1900-1949, China was in a wars age. In that time, there were large amounts of patriotic writers emerged. In China, there were two important parts of literati, rural style and reality style. For rural style, their article tends to ordinary life. For reality style, their article had deeper meaning, some of them express strong patriotism. In that war age, many articles were used to wake up the nation consciousness. In 1950-2000, this is a Chinese social development period, there were a lot of literary youth appeared. In the development of the society usually appeared lots of problems, some articles through some things to insinuation those problems. Chinese writer has a different habits from European and American writers, their many articles do not like show their views directly, they like to use something to allude to, or through some depth to let people go to guess.

Some famous writes in 20^th century in China

Zhou Shuren[Lu Xun] (1881-1936)

Shaoxin, Zhejiang

His works including essays, short stories, reviews, prose and translation work. He produced profound effect for the Chinese literature after the ‘May 4^th revolution’. President Mao evaluation he was the great proletarian writer, thinker and revolutionaries, he was Chinese cultural revolution of the creation. Lu Xun wrote 6 million words for his works.

Famous works:

Lao She(1899-1966)

Beijing

He was modern Chinese famous novelist, writers and dramatist. Lao She’s life usually devote themselves to the job, he was the model worker in literary and art circles.

Famous works:

Guo Moruo(1892-1978)

Leshan, Sichuan

He was Chinese famous proletarian writer, poet, dramatist, archaeologists, thinkers, Chinese scientists, historians, calligrapher, scholars and famous revolutionary. He was founder of the new poetry in China. He was the revolutionary culture recognized leader after Lu Xun.

Famous works: < Heavenly>

Li Yaotang[Ba Jin](1904-2005)

Cheng Du, Sichuan

He was modern writers, during, translator. At the same time also was known as the ‘May 4^th new culture movement’ the most influential writer. He was an outstanding Chinese literature masters in 20^th century, a master of contemporary literary world.

Famous works: < The story of the Hero>

Some other famous writes: Lin Yutang, Shen Congwen, Xiao Hong, Hu Shi, Zou Taofen, Mao Dun, Xu Zhimo, Zhu Ziqing, Wen Yiduo, Bing Xin, Zhou Libo, etc.

The role women and men in 18th century

I will talk about the man and woman in 18^th century in China. I think it may help us learn more things about man and woman in 18^th century in the world. In 18^th century European countries went to industrial age, China was still in the feudal society. In 1800-1900 China was controlled by The Qing dynasty. In those 100 years, women’s status in society is in a very low position. In that century, it was polygyny. But most marriages were not freedom love. Your parents would control who you could marry with. Especially for women, they didn’t have right to choose their own marriage, family would do all arrangements for her. Most of the time, the families depend on marriage to get more interests. Women’s marriage in that time looks like a means to profit. European countries were in the tide of the industrial revolution, depend on China in 18^th century, the marriage would be more freedom, although at that age, women were still in a low position in the social. After marriage, it was also not inequality for men and women in that time. If you were a wife, you’d better contact with other heterosexual too much, especially make special relationship. At that time, it will be defined as not keep her virginity, you may be get serious punishment even be killed. For men, you could get lots of wife. Men can choose a divorce but women cannot. It means, if your husband does not love you any more, you have no idea to leave him. If he does not want to make a divorce, you only choice is stay with him. In daily life, Most women were house wife. You do not need to work, you also have no chance to work. In government, there was no women female official. They only way for women can get a good life in that year was to get marry with a rich man or an officer. Of course, you can also choose to try to enter the palace, but it was a more dangerous place for women. So in 18^th century, the women had a much lower position in the social than men in China. In European countries, it was changed because of the industrial revolution.

Report for Berlin Calling

1. What do drugs mean to Ickarus?

Ickarus was a good electronic musician. In recently years, record companies were not interested on his new works, he felt depression. He chose drugs to help him to relax and look for inspiration.

2. Why, when and how are his fans taking drugs, and which drugs do they take?

Some of his fans just take drugs for fun, they want drugs to help them to enjoy the music. They took cocaine and ingest pills. They took the drugs in club or around some music events.

3. While we can see that his drug habits get him ill and into a psychosis, and while we witness his relapse and inability to work successfully, why does the subculture Ickarus is in focus on drugs?

Ickarus may make a wrong view, he didn’t understand how bed effects the drugs will make. He was a young man, sometimes he cannot face the pressure in a right way. He use drugs to help him to escape problems.

4. Compare the standards you know from your home society with the people you see depicted in this movie. Which are the stark differences and contrasts?

I haven’t seen any people like Ickarus. I have seen lots of young people, they like go to club or pub and drunk. When they play in pub, they will forget the things they need to face.

5. Germany is considered a strong industrial nation the world over. Do you think that the youth culture as depicted here could change that? How about work ethics of Ickarus and of Alice, the label director who fires and then re-signs him?

I think it probably will change that.

6. Which similar “cult movies” of US origin have you seen, if any?

I didn’t watch this kind of movie in US. But I watch some similar movie in China as Struggle.

This movie discussed the inspiration. The creation need inspiration, where is the inspiration. Ickarus’ inspiration comes from the vision of drugs that create, actually finally he found his inspiration was given by his real life. When he saw his girlfriend was still love him, although she lived with other girl. When he saw the people and things in the psychiatric hospital, his inspiration was coming.

“Berlin calling”, the call may be exactly what world give us the attention of. Music now has a new media - computers. Anything you want to note, you all can show through the computer. Music is really important for Ickarus, it’s reflected in his creation or when he was in the bottleneck. If music has sons, Ickarus will be one of them. When I was in China, I have found there are few people like Ickarus. They didn’t use drugs, but they also like to find some crazy way to relax and to release the pressure. Someone like go to pub, they drunk and dance. At time they feel really relax and have fun. Most of them found it was not a good choose to live in one day. All of them will try to find their inspiration in their real life.

The assignment for All Quiet on the Western Front Movie

After I fishing reading the Book ‘All Quiet on the Western Front and the Movie, I found this movie has a very strong ideological. It shows a great anti-war opinion. There are few movies which talk about war can be as good as this movie. It’s a classic anti-war movie. Director use outstanding photography, realistic style to show the war, position, charge, melee and cruel terror. Savage murder scene taken is very distinct, it has impressionist style. Meanwhile, the film high art achievement and the rich connotation and make it become a ‘good Ph.D. Thesis. There is not too much movie which talks about the first war, especially in recently years. Born in the end of World War I, the theme of the film All Quiet on the western front can be said to be an exception. Until today, the film is still look very sharp. This based on the novel by the film based on a group of German soldiers eye showed that how brutality the war is. This is the truth portraiture of World War I. At the same time it also gives us the certain enlightenment: sometimes silence is the best way to show the war. All the war had made the earth became macabre, many people crying, struggling, calling, they want to leave the threat of death, but only released to went down. The war brings human blood disaster is not able to forget, that is the spirit and flesh wounds of human beings. All Quiet on the Western Front is small miniature of the World War I. This movie tell people how terrible the war is, he want tell people a peace world is beautiful and bright. This movie is be given first prizes with strong philosophical works by Oscar. It is the great anti-war film in the history. It reveals the terrible war, destroyed the so-called live patriotic. In the third Oscar, it won the best picture and best director. It’s one of the 100 classic movies in US.

www.baidu.com/baike