The rule and government in 18th century

In 18^th Century, China was in Qing Dynasty. Qing Dynasty was established by Nvzhen nationality combined the feudal dynasty. It was the second dynasty which was established by minority rule after Yuan Dynasty in Chinese history. Qing Dynasty’s military system include the eight banners system, six department system, South study, military mission office, Han army camp. The eight banners was composed by the royal family, in the beginning of 18^th century, they had high rights. The six departments system has collectors, household, ritual, soldier, punishment and work. The boss of any departments called Shangshu, the vice boss called Shilang. The Qing dynasty officials were rated ‘9 Pin, 18 level’. In Qing Dynasty, it had different policies for the different nations. The Qing Dynasty control the literature was very strict, it had the Word Law. Because in 18^th century, lots of Han Chinese use the words to proclaim ‘Against Qing Recovery Ming’. The Qing Dynasty had imperial examination to select officials.

Qing China reached its largest extent during the 18^th century, when it ruled China proper as well as Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, Outer Mongolia and Tibet, at approximately 13 million square km in size. There were originally 18 provinces, all of which in China proper, but later this number was increased to 22.

The original provinces of Qing China was based on the fifteen administrative units set up by the Ming Dynasty, though some minor reforms took place to become the eighteen provinces (for example, Huguang was split into Hubei and Hunan provinces). Adopted the model used by the Yuan and Ming dynasties, the Qing provincial bureaucracy also contained three commissions: one civil, one military, and one for surveillance. Each province was governed by a civil official called xunfu and a military official called tidu . Below the level of the province were prefectures operating under a prefect, followed by subprefectures under a subprefect. The lowest unit was the county, overseen by a magistrate. These areas under the administration of the eighteen provinces are also known as "China proper". The position of viceroy or governor-general was the highest rank in the provincial administration. There were eight regional viceroys in China proper, each usually took charge of two or three provinces. The Viceroy of Zhili, who was responsible for the area surrounding the capital Beijing, is usually considered as the most honorable and powerful viceroy among the eight.

The low class of ordinary people was divided into two categories- one of them, the good "commoner" people, the other "mean" people. Prostitutes, entertainers, and low lovel government emplyeers were the people in the mean class. the Mean people were heavily discrimated against, forbidden to take the Imperial Examination, and mean and good people could not marry each other.

The development of the Qing military system can be divided into two broad periods separated by the Taiping Rebellion. The early Qing military was rooted in the Eight Banners first developed by Nurhachi as a way to organize Jurchen society beyond petty clan affiliations. There are eight banners in all, differentiated by colours. The banners in their order of precedence were as follows: yellow, bordered yellow (i.e. yellow banner with red border), white, red, bordered white, bordered red, blue, and bordered blue. The yellow, bordered yellow, and white banners were collectively known as the "Upper Three Banners"and were under the direct command of the emperor. Only Manchus belonging to the Upper Three Banners, and selected Han Chinese who had passed the highest level of martial exams were qualified to serve as the emperor's personal bodyguards. The remaining Banners were known as "The Lower Five Banners" and were commanded by hereditary Manchu princes descended from Nurhachi's immediate family, known informally as the "Iron Cap Princes" Together they formed the ruling council of the Manchu nation as well as high command of the army.

The Qing Dynasty inherited many important institutions from the preceding Ming Dynasty. The formal structure of the Qing government centered on the Emperor as the absolute ruler, who presided over six Boards (Ministries) each headed by two presidents and assisted by four vice presidents。In contrast to the Ming system, however, Qing ethnic policy dictated that appointments were split between Manchu noblemen and Han officials who had passed the highest levels of the state examinations. The Grand Secretariat , which had been an important policy-making body under the Ming Dynasty, lost its importance during the Qing Dynasty and evolved into an imperial chancery. The institutions which had been inherited from the Ming Dynasty formed the core of the Qing "outer court," which handled routine matters and was located in the southern part of the Forbidden City.

In order not to let the routine administration take over the running of the empire, the Qing emperors made sure that all important matters were decided in the "Inner Court," which was dominated by the imperial family and Manchu nobility and which was located in the northern part of the Forbidden City. The core institution of the inner court was the Grand Council It emerged in the 1720s under the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor as a body charged with handling Qing military campaigns against the Dzungar Mongols, but it soon took over other military and administrative duties and served to centralize authority under the crown.[43] The Grand Councillors served as a sort of privy council to the emperor.